Reliable Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Tester Utilizing A Dynamic Fault Voltage

ABSTRACT

An arc fault circuit interrupter test circuit is disclosed. The test circuit incorporates a controller along with at least one power transistor, a current sense circuit and a voltage sense circuit. When the power transistor is operated, the current flowing through the transistor is sensed, and if the current is not at least equal to a threshold value, the voltage at which the power transistor is operated is increased.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/080,746,entitled “Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Tester With Current ResponsivePulse Timing,” filed on Apr. 6, 2011 in the names of inventors KerryBerland, Paul Berland, and Mitch Budniak and assigned to UniqueTechnologies, Inc.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods fortesting arc fault circuit interrupters and is particularly directed to atest instrument for testing the efficacy of arc fault circuitinterrupter installed in electrical distribution circuits and a methodof operating the aforementioned test instrument.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

Circuit breakers interrupt the flow of current after detecting a faultcondition in a monitored circuit. Fault conditions can by caused bynumerous circuit conditions. Over current faults, for example, areusually caused by a short condition somewhere within a distributioncircuit. A circuit breaker designed to interrupt an over current faultcan operate by detecting a higher than normal current level for asufficient period of time. Over current faults can be detected by anumber of well-known methods, including the use of a thermal sensitivestrip adapted to cause the breaker to trip at a temperaturecorresponding to the application of a high level of current for asufficient time, and a magnetic trip circuit, that is adapted to break aprotected circuit if the magnetic field associated with the monitoreddistribution circuit becomes too strong. Accordingly, testers forcircuit breakers adapted to break over current faults can be constructedto cause a fault in the power system for a specified length of time andmonitor for whether the circuit breaker operated or not.

Another type of fault is known as an “arcing fault.” Arcing faults arenon-working intermittent electrical arcs, where “non-working” is meantto distinguish between “working” arcs, such as those generated by vacuumcleaner motors, and similar devices. Arcing faults occur when currentarcs from one conductor to another, usually through ionized gas, and cangenerate large amounts of current for short time intervals. While arcingfaults are one of the leading causes of electrical fires, there isusually not enough current generated for a sufficient time period totrip a conventional circuit breaker due to the intermittent nature ofthese types of faults. Accordingly, special arc fault circuitinterrupters (AFCI) have been created that can detect the presence of anarcing fault, and interrupt a circuit when an arcing fault is detected.Various testers have been designed to ensure that AFCis are operational,such as, for example, the tester described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,204,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. While thesetesters are functional, prior art AFCI test circuits are sensitive tothe resistance between the tester and the AFCI, as they are designed togenerate a current spike of a known magnitude. Accordingly, prior arttest circuits may work well when disposed very close to an AFCI, whereresistance will be low, but may not work at all if disposed far awayfrom the AFCI being tested, where resistance will be significantlyhigher.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a system,apparatus, and method for implementing a test circuit for an AFCI thataccurately reflects the functional state of the AFCI.

Another object of the invention is to provide a test circuit for testingan AFCI that will properly indicate the functional status of the AFCIwhen the AFCI is not disposed very close to the test circuit.

Other advantages of the disclosed invention will be clear to a person ofordinary skill in the art. It should be understood, however, that asystem, method, or apparatus could practice the disclosed inventionwhile not achieving all of the enumerated advantages, and that theprotected invention is defined by the claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The disclosed invention achieves its objectives by providing an arcfault circuit interrupter test circuit and a method operating on amicrocontroller for operating an arc fault circuit interrupter testcircuit. In one embodiment, the arc fault circuit interrupter testcircuit comprises at least one power transistor along with supportcircuitry needed to electrically couple a hot line of a local powerdistribution system to a neutral line of a power distribution system.The test circuit further comprises a voltage sense circuit coupled tothe hot line and the neutral line of the local power distributionsystem, a current sense circuit, and a controller. The controllermonitors the voltage sense circuit and the current sense circuit, andoperates the power transistor by generating a sequence of controlpulses. Each control pulse causes the power transistor to couple the hotline to the neutral line, thereby shorting the local power distributionsystem. During the short, the current flowing through the powertransistor is measured using the current sense circuit, which can becoupled to an analog-to-digital converter channel of the microcontrolleror to a comparator whose threshold is set by the microcontroller. If thesensed current is lower than a threshold value, the next control pulseis generated at a higher value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Although the characteristic features of this invention will beparticularly pointed out in the claims, the invention itself, and themanner in which it may be made and used, may be better understood byreferring to the following description taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like referencenumerals refer to like parts throughout the several views and in which:

FIG. 1A is an illustration of one voltage phase of a local alternatingcurrent power distribution system;

FIG. 1B is an illustration of short circuit currents that are generatedby shorting the voltage waveform of FIG. 1A at various cycle times;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an arc fault circuit interrupter testerconstructed in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed invention;

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of an arc fault circuitinterrupter test circuit constructed in accordance with an embodiment ofthe disclosed invention;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flowchart of a software or firmware programexecuted on a microcontroller integrated into and operating the testcircuit of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5, which has been separated into three parts a-c, is a detailedschematic diagram of an arc fault circuit interrupter test circuitconstructed in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed invention;and

FIG. 6, which has been separated into three parts a-c, is a detailedflowchart of a software or firmware program executed on amicrocontroller integrated into and operating the test circuit of FIG.5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENT

Turning to the Figures, and to FIG. 1 a in particular, a single phase 10of an AC power system is depicted. In a standard AC power system anidealized power line waveform will be sinusoidal. When passed through afull-wave bridge rectifier, however, the rectified power waveform willcomprise a series of positive half-cycles. A full cycle of rectified ACpower can be broken into four quadrants, as shown in FIG. 1 a. Quadrants1 and 2 are identical to the non-rectified AC waveform; i.e., the firstquadrant consists of rising voltages until a peak is reached at point 6,which starts the second quadrant that consists of falling voltagesuntil, in an ideal system (without any voltage drops across diodes),zero voltage is reached at point 7. However, in a standard power system,voltages would continue passing through 0 Volts to a negative voltage.The rectified waveform shown in FIG. 1 a, however, essentially repeatsthe first half cycle in the second half cycle, so that quadrant 3 issimilar to quadrant 1, and quadrant 4 is similar to quadrant 2.

UL Standard 1436 specifies an industry standard method for testing AFCIcircuit breakers. According to this standard, a test circuit mustgenerate a sequence of 8-12 current pulses, each generating no fewerthan 106 Amps, and no more than 141 Amps, with each lasting up to 833microseconds. However, as cost is a major factor in the construction ofAFCI test circuits, many, if not all, prior art AFCI testers can onlygenerate pulses that the AFCI will experience the minimum rated currentif the AFCI tester is disposed very close to the AFCI. This can be aserious issue as AFCis are usually disposed within a breaker cabinet;accordingly, an AFCI for, say an upstairs area in a residential home mayhave 30 meters or more of wiring between the AFCI and the nearest outleton which a test circuit can be inserted. This amount of wiring cancreate a considerable amount of line resistance; potentially higher thanthe power transistors within an AFCI test circuit are designed to drive.

The invention disclosed herein addresses this issue by measuring thepeak current of each current pulse generated by the AFCI test circuitand, if the generated current is not at a desired level, such as, forexample, 113 Amp, the next voltage level at which the pulse is generatedis adjusted. For example, a first pulse may be generated at a voltagelevel equal to 50% of the peak AC line voltage; i.e., 120V*sqrt(2)*0.5,or 84.85V for a 120 VAC 60 Hz system, as is common in the United States.If a current sensor within the AFCI test circuit indicates that thepulse generated was not sufficient to meet the required standard, thenext pulse can be generated at a higher voltage such as 70.7% of thepeak voltage, or approximately 120V for a 120 VAC 60 Hz system. Thisprocess would continue until either a pulse was generated at peakvoltage, or the pulse met or exceeded the requirement for current. FIG.1B depicts the relative magnitude of current pulses generated atdifferent levels of an AC voltage waveform 23, assuming a constantresistance.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an AFCI test apparatus 25 constructed inaccordance with the disclosed invention. As illustrated, the AFCI testapparatus 25 includes a housing 26, a plug 27 adapted to interface witha standard wall socket, an arc fault test activation button 29, a groundfault test activation button 30, and three LEDs 31,33,35 for displayingthe result of a test. The housing may be constructed of, for example, aninjection molded plastic, such as, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride(PVC), or some other non-conductive plastic.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic view of an AFCI test circuit 41constructed in accordance with the disclosed invention. A full-wavebridge rectifier 50 rectifies a power current delivered through a hotline 47 and a neutral line 49. A ground line 48 is coupled to the groundpin of the power outlet (not shown). The output of the rectifier 50 issmoothed and filtered using a power supply circuit 46, which generates a15 VDC Vcc power line and a 3.5 VDC low voltage power line. The positiveoutput of the full-wave bridge rectifier 50 is coupled to one or morepower transistors 45 through a load resistor 42, which limits themaximum amount of current through the power transistor 45 when it isoperated. A microcontroller 43 is electrically coupled to the powertransistor 45 through a driver 44. When the control line is operated,the power transistor closes, thereby electrically coupling the positiverectified voltage to a reference voltage level through a current senseresistor 61. One side of the current sense resistor 61 is coupled to ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) channel of the microcontroller 43,which calculates the current flowing through the power transistor 45using the sampled voltage and Ohms law.

The load resistor 42 is sized to create a sizable current spike in apower system coupled to the hot line connector 47 and the neutral lineconnector 49. For example, the load resistor 42 may be specified asabout 0.33 ohms with a power rating between 1 Watt and 5 Watts,preferably around 2 W-2.5 W. Sense lines are also coupled to the hotline 47 and the neutral line 49 through voltage dividers so that themicrocontroller 43 can monitor the instantaneous voltages at theseimportant points. These sense lines provide information indicative ofthe instantaneous line voltage during the time that the power transistoris operated. A thermistor (not shown) is coupled to the powertransistors 45 and to an ADC channel of the microcontroller 43 using asense line. The thermistor provides a signal indicative of thetemperature of the power transistor 45, and allows the microcontroller43 to abort a test sequence before damaging the power transistors 45.The microcontroller also controls a green LED 73, which is illuminatedwhen the disclosed AFCI test circuit is plugged in and properlyfunctioning. A pushbutton 81 is coupled to the microcontroller 43, whichmonitors the status of the button, and when the button is pressed, themicrocontroller begins an AFCI test cycle.

FIG. 4 depicts a simplified flow chart of the operation of a program fortesting an AFCI that is executed by the microcontroller 43. In a firststep 101, a quasi-short circuit is applied to the power system to betested by, for example, operating the power transistor 45. While thequasi-short circuit is applied, the current is measured in a step 102using, for example, an ADC channel of the microcontroller 43 coupled toa sense resistor 61. In step 103, the current is checked to see if it isat a desired level, such as, for example, 113 Amps, and if so, executionproceeds to step 104. However, if the current is not at a desired level,execution proceeds to step 105, where the applied voltage is increasedor decreased as appropriate by changing the level of the AC voltagewaveform at which the quasi-short is applied. From step 105 executiontransitions to step 104. In step 104, a check is made to determine ifthe requisite number of current pulses have been applied. If so,execution proceeds to step 106, which concludes the test cycle, andwhere the operational status of the AFCI can be measured—if the AFCI hasoperated and opened the line, the test is successful; otherwise, theAFCI failed to operate properly. If the requisite number of currentpulses has not been applied, execution transitions to step 101 where anadditional pulse is generated.

Turning to FIG. 5, a detailed schematic view of a circuit 150implementing the disclosed AFCI tester is depicted. The circuit 150includes a power supply circuit 152 comprising a fuse 153 coupled to ahot line connector 47 that is adapted to couple with a hot line of alocalized power distribution system. The power supply circuit 152 alsoincludes a neutral line connector 49 that is adapted to couple with aneutral line of a localized power distribution system.

The AC input terminals of full-wave bridge rectifier 157 are connectedto the hot line 47 through fuse 153 and to the neutral line 49. Therectified positive output voltage VBR 301 is coupled via a powerresistor 201, which may be around 2 W, to a half-wave rectifier circuitmade up of dual diode 202A and 202B. Current flows through the networkcomprising LED 205 and resistor 204 into dual 24 volt Zener diodes 212Aand 212B, clamping the voltage at the positive voltage rail 211 to about24V. The 120 Hz ripple present at V8R 301 is filtered by capacitor 210.Voltage regulator 213 regulates the positive voltage rail 211 down to a5V line 215. Capacitor 216, which may be about 33 microfarads and ratedfor about 25V, provides filtering for the 5 VDC power.

A pushbutton 172 provides a mechanism for a user to begin an AFCI testcycle. The pushbutton circuit 172 comprises a single-pole, single-throwpushbutton switch 173 coupled to a local reference voltage on one endand 5.0V on the other through a resistor 174, such as, for example, a16.2K resistor.

A microcontroller 43 monitors the pushbutton circuit 172 to determine ifa test cycle should be started. If a test cycle is started, themicrocontroller 43 operates a line shorting circuit to test a coupledAFCI, and reports the results of the test using an LED display.

The line shorting circuit comprises full-wave bridge rectifier 157 thatrectifies the line voltage and outputs an unfiltered DC signal, which isconnected in series with a pair of parallel power IGBTs 45 a,45 b thatare driven by the microcontroller 43 through gate drive transistors 183a-d. A pulse circuit comprised of capacitor 185 and resistors 187 and189 ensures that power transistors 45 a,45 b are not held in a shortedposition in case microcontroller 43 should experience an executionlockup, or some other failure occurs with the AFCI test circuit. Fourload resistors 182 a-d, each of which may be rated for 0.50 Ohms andabout one Watt, limits the current through the power transistors 45 a,45b. Current sensing transistor 191 has its base 191B connected acrossload resistor 182C and its emitter 191A connected through resistor 192to VBR 301. Since the value of resistor 192, 49.9K, is about 100,000times the value of load resistor 182C, the current flowing out oftransistor 191 through its collector 191C will be about 0.00001 timesthe current flowing through load resistor 182C. This current flowsthrough resistor 194 to develop a voltage 302 which provides anindication of the current flowing through the power transistors 45 a,45b to the microcontroller 43. Capacitor 193 filters the voltage developedby resistor 194. The voltage 302 representing the amount of currentbeing drawn through load resistor 182C could be coupled to an analog todigital input channel of microcontroller 43. In this embodiment 150,microcontroller 43 contains a voltage comparator and a digital to analogconverter (DAC). The DAC output 304 is set by firmware inmicrocontroller 43 to a voltage ranging from 0 to 5V. This voltage isbiased upward towards 5V by resistors 306 and 307, and fed as a voltagethreshold to the positive comparator input 305 of microcontroller 43.The current signal 302 is coupled to the negative comparator input 303of microcontroller 43. The comparator output within microcontroller 43is disposed by firmware to cause a program interrupt when the currentlevel passes the threshold set by DAC output 304, thereby providingfaster response and finer control of current levels than an analog todigital conversion channel.

A thermistor 193 is positioned close to one of the power transistors 45a,45 b to provide an indication of the amount of heat that a powertransistor is dissipating, so that the microcontroller can cease a testcycle prior to damaging the power transistors 45 a,45 b, should thatprove necessary. The microcontroller 43 also drives a green LED 205through drive transistors 206 and 208. The green LED 203 is used toindicate the result of an AFCI test. Microcontroller 43 is programmedwith firmware to operate LED 205. To turn LED 205 off, the firmwarecauses control signal 508 to operate to a logic high level; i.e., 5V,which turns on NPN transistor 208, thereby sinking current throughresistors 207 and 209, and turning on PNP transistor 206. PNP transistor206 essentially shorts LED 205, and current that would have flowedthrough LED 205 now flows through PNP transistor 206. To turn LED 205on, the firmware in microcontroller 43 causes control signal 508 tooperate to a logic low level; i.e., 0V, which turns NPN transistor 208off. Resistor 207 pulls the base of PNP transistor 206 up to the samevoltage as its emitter, turning PNP transistor 206 off, and allowingcurrent to flow through LED 205, thereby turning it on. Shunt resistor204 absorbs some of the available power supply current flow to equalizethe brightness of LED 205 with the other two LEDs 217 and 218.

The disclosed circuit also includes additional functions than the arcfault circuit interrupter tester that has been previously discussed. Inparticular, circuit 150 includes a ground fault circuit interrupter(GFCI) test circuit comprised primarily of switch 219 and resistors 220a-d. The operation of GFCI test circuits is well known in the art, andis not further described herein. In addition, circuit 150 includes apulse generation circuit comprised primarily of diac 221, transistors222 a and 222 b, diodes 223 a and 223 b and capacitor 224. The purposeof this circuit is to identify a particular breaker within a breakercabinet to which the test circuit is attached. This circuit and similarcircuits are well known in the art, and descriptions of the operation ofthis circuit can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,844,712,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart describing the operation of a program forexecution on microcontroller 43 to exercise the AFCI test circuit 150.Execution begins in step 250 and the microcontroller initializes in step252. In step 253, the microcontroller enters the phase 1 loop, which isexplained herein. In step 254 the V_(H) signal is continuously monitoredfor gradual rise and fall. Each time it completes a cycle, a cyclecounter is incremented. In step 256, a determination is made to lightthe green LED 205 if the absolute value of the measured neutral linevoltage minus the measured ground line voltage is less than a valueX_(T), which is defined as a maximum difference between signals thatcould be attainable due to maximum effects of disturbance and noise andnot due to actual hardware malfunction or signal abnormality. Thisdetermination may be made continuously, with outliers being discarded,and a determination to light the green LED made if the absolute value ofthe measured neutral line voltage minus the measured ground line voltageis less than X_(T) at least X_(D) times, which is a predetermined numberselected to warrant a determination that the AC waveform is acceptable.

In step 258, a test is made to determine if the measured power lineshave been sufficiently debounced, or if the indication has been falsefor the past X_(C) cycles. If not, execution transitions back to thebeginning of the phase 1 loop. Otherwise, execution transitions out ofthe phase 1 loop to step 260, where the green LED 205 is illuminated. Instep 262, the phase 2 loop is entered. In step 264 a check is made todetermine if the error mode is active, and the LEOs are being flashedbecause of it. If not, execution transitions to step 270. Otherwise,execution transitions to step 266, where an LED flash pattern is carriedout. In step 268, a check is made to determine if the LED flash patternis complete. If not, execution transitions to step 262. Otherwiseexecution transitions to step 252.

In step 270, a check is made to determine if the AFCI test switch hasbeen pressed. If not, execution transitions to step 276, which isexplained below. However, if it has been pressed, execution transitionsto step 272, where a determination is made as to whether the green LED205 is in the on state. If not, execution transitions to step 273, whichinitiates a flash error pattern, and directs execution to step 262.However, if the green LED 205 is activated, execution transitions tostep 274, which initiates execution of the AFCI test, and generation ofcurrent pulses as explained earlier. In step 276, the phase and quadrantof the AC line voltage is calculated, such that synchronization isachieved with the falling edge of the V_(H) signal.

In step 278, a check is made to determine if the angle of the AC linevoltage is equal to the beginning of quadrant 2 or quadrant 4, which iswhen the V_(H) signal is adapted to produce a falling edge. If not,execution transitions to step 286. However, if the angle of the AC linevoltage is equal to the beginning of quadrant 2 or 4, executiontransitions to step 280, where a test is made to determine if an arctest has been initiated (in step 274). If so, execution transitions tostep 284, where the current pulse firing threshold is computed.

In step 286, a check is performed to determine the first time that theabsolute level of V_(H) is below the arc firing threshold and the phaseof V_(H) is within quadrants 2 or 4 as determined in step 278. If not,execution transitions to step 262. However, if it is, executiontransitions to step 288, where the temperature of the monitored powerIGBT is read using thermocouple 193. In step 290 a test is made todetermine if the read temperature exceeds the temperature threshold,and, if so, execution transitions to step 273, where an error state isentered. However, if temperature remains within bounds, executiontransitions to step 292, where a test is made to determine if an arcfault test is already being processed. If not, execution transitions tostep 262. If step 292 determines that an arc fault test is beingprocessed, then execution continues to step 296 where a pulse isinitiated that will last for X_(A) microseconds. The current level ofthe generated pulse is then read while the pulse is being fired.

Execution then transitions to step 298 where a test is made to determineif the current reading was higher than the maximum acceptable level. Ifso, the arc threshold is reduced in step 300, and execution transitionsto step 306 (covered later herein). If the current reading is not higherthan the maximum acceptable level in step 298, execution transitions tostep 302 where a test is made to determine if the current reading wasbelow the lowest acceptable level. If so, execution transitions to step304, where the firing level of the arc is increased, and executiontransitions to step 306, which is also where execution proceeds to ifthe current reading is not too low when tested in step 302.

In step 306 the remaining time of the pulse is allowed to expire.Execution then transitions to step 308, where a test is made todetermine if the last arc was generated. If so, execution transitions tostep 310, where an error state is entered, as the correct behavior isfor the tester to turn off automatically after the last pulse isgenerated unless an error condition, such as over-current is present.Otherwise, execution transitions to step 262.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented forpurposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Thedescription was selected to best explain the principles of the inventionand practical application of these principles to enable others skilledin the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments andvarious modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.It is intended that the scope of the invention not be limited by thespecification, but be defined by the claims set forth below.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. An arc fault circuit interrupter test circuitcomprising: i. a line shorting circuit accepting a hot line of anelectrical system and a neutral line of an electrical system; ii. avoltage sense circuit operatively coupled to the hot line of theelectrical system and the neutral line of the electrical system forsensing an AC voltage waveform; iii. a current sense circuit for sensingcurrent flow through said line shorting circuit; iv. a controllercoupled to the voltage sense circuit, the current sense circuit, and tothe line sensing circuit, the controller adapted to generate a sequenceof control pulses for operating the line shorting circuit and generatinga fault, wherein the controller is adapted to generate each controlpulse at a specific voltage of the AC voltage waveform, and furtheradapted to measure a current generated by each control pulse and comparethe current to a predetermined level, and when the current is less thanthe predetermined level, the controller is adapted to generate a nextcontrol pulse at a higher voltage level of the AC voltage waveform. 18.The test circuit of claim 17 wherein the controller is adapted todetermine that current measured during a control pulse is greater thanor equal to the predetermined level and wherein the controller isadapted to generate a total of twelve control pulses on consecutive halfcycles at a voltage corresponding to the measured current.
 19. The testcircuit of claim 17 wherein the voltage sense circuit comprises: i. avoltage divider that is electrically coupled to one of said hot line ofthe electrical system and said neutral line of the electrical system;and ii. an analog to digital converter coupled to said voltage dividerand to said controller, wherein said controller is adapted toperiodically sample said analog to digital converter and based at leastpartially on said sampling determine a cycle time to operate said powertransistor.
 20. The test circuit of claim 17 wherein the current sensecircuit comprises: i. a sense resistor that is electrically coupled tothe hot line of the electrical system and the neutral line of theelectrical system when said power transistor is operated; and ii. ananalog to digital converter coupled to said sense resistor and to saidcontroller, wherein said controller is adapted to periodically samplesaid analog to digital converter and based at least partially on saidsampling determine a cycle time to operate said power transistor. 21.The test circuit of claim 17 further comprising an indicator and whereinsaid controller is adapted to monitor said current sense circuit andbased on said monitored current sense circuit, operate said indicator.22. The test circuit of claim 21 where the indicator includes at leastone LED.
 23. The test circuit of claim 22 wherein the indicator consistsof a green LED.
 24. The test circuit of claim of 23 wherein thecontroller is adapted to monitor the current sense circuit to determineif an arc fault circuit breaker electrically coupled to the test circuithas operated and wherein the controller is adapted to operate theindicator based on whether the arc fault circuit breaker has operated.25. The test circuit of claim 17 further comprising a control pulsetiming circuit for ensuring that a control pulse operating the lineshorting circuit is finite in duration.